In string theory the Goddard-Thorn theorem (Goddard & Thorn 1972, Thorn 1987, Thorn 2012) establishes the consistency of the usual quantization of the bosonic string sigma-model for target space dimension 26, and of the NSR superstring sigma-model for target space dimension 10.
In the original “old covariant quantization” approach to this problem the proof amounts to demonstrating that the inner product on the would-be Hilbert space of quantum states is indeed positive definite. Since would-be quantum states of negative norm have been known as “ghost states”, the theorem has become widely known as the no-ghost theorem of string theory. More modern derivations proceed via or compare to quantization via the BRST complex of the string sigma-model.
In particular the theorem thus establishes the superstring excitations of vanishing mass, and that (after GSO projection) these coincide with the quanta of perturbative supergravity in 10 dimensions (type IIA supergravity or type IIB supergravity).
The original articles:
Peter Goddard, Charles Thorn, Compatibility of the dual Pomeron with unitarity and the absence of ghosts in the dual resonance model, Phys. Lett., B 40 2 (1972) 235-238 [doi:10.1016/0370-2693(72)90420-0, spire:74899]
Richard C. Brower, Spectrum-generating algebra and no-ghost theorem for the dual model, Physical Review D 6 6 (1972) 1655 [doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.6.1655]
Charles Thorn, A detailed study of the physical state conditions in covariantly quantized string theories, Nuclear Physics B 286 (1987) 61-77 [doi:10.1016/0550-3213(87)90431-7]
Charles Thorn, Improved Proof of the No-ghost Theorem for Fermion States of the Superstring, Nuclear Physics B 864 2 (2012) 285-295 [arXiv:1110.5510, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2012.06.017]
A textbook account is in:
The proof via DDF operators is also recalled in:
See also
Last revised on July 3, 2024 at 16:53:24. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.